Unlike the
menorah,
[2] the
Lion of Judah, the
shofar and the
lulav, the hexagram was not originally a uniquely Jewish symbol.
[6] The
hexagram, being an inherently simple geometric construction, has been used in various motifs throughout human history, which were not exclusively religious. It appeared as a decorative motif in both 4th-century synagogues and Christian churches in the
Galilee region.
[7][8]
Gershom Scholem writes that the term "seal of Solomon" was adopted by Jews from Islamic magic literature, while he could not assert with certainty whether the term "shield of David" originated in Islamic or Jewish mysticism.
[2] Leonora Leet argues though that not just the terminology, but the esoteric philosophy behind it had pre-Islamic Jewish roots.
[9] She also shows that Jewish alchemists were the teachers of their Muslim and Christian counterparts, and that a way-opener such as
Maria Hebraea of
Alexandria (2nd or 3rd century
CE; others date her earlier) already used concepts which were later adopted by Muslim and Christian alchemists and could be graphically associated with the symbolism of the upper and lower triangles constituting the hexagram, which came into explicit use after her time.
[9] The hexagram however only becomes widespread in Jewish magical texts and amulets (
segulot) in the early
Middle Ages, which is why most modern authors have seen Islamic mysticism as the source of the medieval Spanish
Kabbalists' use of the hexagram.
[9][10] The name "Star of David" originates from
King David of ancient Israel.
Use as Jewish emblem
Only around one millennium later, however, did the star begin to be used as a symbol to identify Jewish communities, a tradition that seems to have started in
Prague before the 17th century, and from there spread to much of
Eastern Europe.
[2][11]
In the 19th century, it came to be adopted by European Jews as a symbol to represent Jewish religion or identity in the same manner the
Christian cross identified that religion's believers.
[2][12] The symbol became representative of the worldwide
Zionist community after it was
chosen as the central symbol on a flag at the
First Zionist Congress in 1897, due to its usage in some Jewish communities and its lack of specifically religious connotations.
[3][13] It was not considered an exclusively Jewish symbol until after it began to be used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers in
World War I.
[5]