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Nasal vaccines may be the next generation of protection against COVID
Researchers hope a nasal delivery system will make for a COVID vaccine that is better at preventing transmission and mild infections.
Studies are still underway to prove whether this approach will work. And even if it does, the vaccines are likely to take another year to become widely available.
But scientists are excited about their possibilities.
"I don't want to overstate it because no one has proven their efficacy, but their potential is extremely high," said Dr. Paul Spearman, director of infectious diseases as Cincinnati Children's Hospital in Ohio, who is developing a different nasal vaccine that isn't grown in eggs. "I'm really excited."
Krammer said the team chose to grow their vaccine in chicken eggs because flu vaccines are essentially made the same way (but with a different virus). The new vaccine, technically called NDV-HXP-S, could be manufactured using the existing flu vaccine infrastructure that generates millions of doses every year worldwide.
"We could make a lot of vaccine quickly," Krammer said.
Four countries already have started to manufacture the vaccine – Vietnam, Thailand, Brazil and Mexico – and two are getting ready to test it in large, Phase 3 trials. They're testing it both as an injectable and as an intranasal vaccine, which would be extremely useful in countries where there aren't a lot of people trained to deliver shots.
The vaccine also can be stored in a regular refrigerator rather than being kept frozen, which will make it cheaper and easier to provide to low- and middle-income countries.
"We can probably make this for 30-cents a dose versus $30" for an mRNA vaccine like Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna's, Palese said.
In the U.S., the vaccine would be used as a booster. In a current early-phase trial at Mount Sinai, researchers are trying it on volunteers, measuring antibody levels in blood as with other COVID-19 vaccines, but also in their nose and saliva to see whether the vaccine might trigger a protective immune response there, too.